frustrated 的核心含义是“受阻的”或“挫败的”,指因愿望或目标无法实现而产生的沮丧感。其本义源于拉丁语 frustrari(欺骗、使无效),最初强调“使计划落空”的客观结果,后来引申为主观情绪。在英语中,该词常用来描述两种状态:一是因外部障碍(如制度、他人)而无法达成目标时的愤怒与无奈,例如“frustrated with the slow progress”;二是因自身能力不足或反复失败而产生的自我怀疑,例如“frustrated by his own mistakes”。此外,在心理学或社会学语境中,它还指“需求未得到满足”的状态,如“frustrated desires”。这些义项都围绕“受阻”这一核心,从客观“使无效”到主观“感到沮丧”,再到抽象“需求未满足”,形成清晰的引申链。
frustrated 在多种语境中出现,但语气和侧重有所不同。在日常口语中,它常表达个人情绪,如“I'm so frustrated with this traffic”,语气直接、主观。在学术写作中,多用于描述实验失败或理论受阻,如“The researchers were frustrated by the inconsistent results”,语气客观、克制。商务邮件中,它可能用于表达对项目进展的不满,但通常更委婉,如“We are frustrated with the delay in delivery”。新闻报道中,它常描述群体或社会事件中的情绪,如“Protesters felt frustrated with the government's response”,带有一定情感色彩。法律文本中较少直接使用,但可能出现在“frustrated contract”(合同落空)等专业术语中,指合同因不可抗力而无法履行。文学作品则利用其丰富的情感层次,刻画人物内心的挣扎与失望。
语法要点
frustrated 作为形容词,常与介词 with、by、at 搭配:be frustrated with/at/about something(对某事感到沮丧),be frustrated by something(因某事而受挫)。它也可作定语,如“a frustrated look”,或与系动词连用,如“feel frustrated”。注意,frustrated 是从动词 frustrate 的过去分词演变而来,因此仍有动词特征,可构成被动语态,如“The plan was frustrated by bad weather”。易错点:不要与 frustrating 混淆,frustrated 描述人的感受,frustrating 描述事物令人沮丧。另外,frustrated 后可接不定式或 that 从句,如“I am frustrated to see that……”或“I am frustrated that……”
近义比较
frustrated 与 discouraged、disappointed、upset 等近义,但侧重点不同。frustrated 强调因障碍或阻碍而感到的挫败,通常伴有愤怒或无力感,如“He felt frustrated when his proposal was rejected”。discouraged 更强调因失去信心而气馁,如“She was discouraged by the lack of progress”。disappointed 则指因期望落空而感到失望,如“I was disappointed with the movie's ending”。upset 则更泛指情绪上的困扰,可能由多种原因引起,如“She was upset about the argument”。选择时,若强调“努力受阻”用 frustrated;若强调“信心受挫”用 discouraged;若强调“期望未达”用 disappointed;若强调“情绪波动”用 upset。
使用注意
frustrated 是常用词,语域中性偏正式,口语和书面语均适用。其褒贬色彩为贬义,表达消极情绪。使用时注意不要过度使用,以免显得抱怨或消极。常见误用包括:与 frustrating 混淆(如“I am frustrating”应为“I am frustrated”);介词搭配错误(如“frustrated with”误用为“frustrated of”);在正式写作中,避免使用过于口语化的表达,如“I'm so frustrated”在学术论文中应改为“The results were frustrating”。此外,在描述“合同落空”时,用“frustrated”是法律术语,但日常中不常见,需注意语境。
常见搭配
feel frustrated
get frustrated
frustrated with/at/about
frustrated by
frustrated desire
frustrated ambition
frustrated expression
frustrated contract
句子示例
I'm frustrated with the lack of progress in this project.我对这个项目缺乏进展感到沮丧。
She felt frustrated by her inability to solve the math problem.她因无法解决这道数学题而感到挫败。
The frustrated artist tore up his sketch in anger.这位沮丧的画家愤怒地撕毁了素描。
Many employees are frustrated at the company's new policy.许多员工对公司的这项新政策感到不满。
His frustrated ambitions led him to quit the job.他受挫的抱负使他辞去了工作。
The contract was frustrated by the unexpected embargo.合同因意外的禁运而落空。